Simple Present:
Past Future
The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.
Þ I smell something delicious.
Þ Jane needs a glass of water right now.
Þ They have a big house.
Past Future
The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.
Þ Monkey swings from branch to branch.
Þ Kind words make people happy.
Þ God loves us.
Past ? ? Future
The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity.
Þ I watch TV three hours every night.
Þ English class begins at 7am.
Þ Father usually reads newspaper every morning.
Kamis, 04 Juni 2009
Passive Voice
1.
Simple present
Active
passive
We
OB on RCTI
watched
is watched
OB on RCTI
(by us)
everyday.
everyday.
2.
Simple past
Active
passive
Rita
A letter
wrote
was written
a letter
by Rita
yesterday.
yesterday.
3.
Simple Future
Active
passive
My family
A villa
will rent
will be rent
a villa
by my family
for holiday.
for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
· the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
· the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
· the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time)
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous
Active
Passive
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect
Active
Passive
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.
Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.
Simple present
Active
passive
We
OB on RCTI
watched
is watched
OB on RCTI
(by us)
everyday.
everyday.
2.
Simple past
Active
passive
Rita
A letter
wrote
was written
a letter
by Rita
yesterday.
yesterday.
3.
Simple Future
Active
passive
My family
A villa
will rent
will be rent
a villa
by my family
for holiday.
for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
· the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
· the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
· the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time)
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous
Active
Passive
A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect
Active
Passive
Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active:
John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.
Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.
Congratulation , Compliment, Gratitude
Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:
Congratulation ] is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
Ø on his/her general appearance
Ø if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
Ø when you visit someone’s house for the first time
Ø when other people do their best
Complimenting:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
Congratulation ] is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Congratulating:
· Congratulations!
· Congratulations on your success!
· Happy birthday!
· Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
· Merry Christmas!
· Happy New Year!
· Happy Valentine!
· Happy anniversary!
Compliment ] is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:
Ø on his/her general appearance
Ø if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
Ø when you visit someone’s house for the first time
Ø when other people do their best
Complimenting:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
Gratitude ] is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Thanking:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
descriptive text:
Text Structure:
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups
Example of Descriptive Text:
Identification
My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
Descriptions
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.
The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader may picture that which is being described. Descriptive writing may be found in the other rhetorical modes
▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.
Grammatical Features:
▪ Who? What?
▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
▪ Attributive (the)
▪ Use of attributive and identifying process
▪ Focus on specific participants
▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups
Example of Descriptive Text:
Identification
My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.
Descriptions
The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.
The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event, or action so that the reader may picture that which is being described. Descriptive writing may be found in the other rhetorical modes
Direct Speech
Direct speech is refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:
Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.
Father warned me not to drive fast.
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present continuous Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said
In time expressions and pronouns
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
Then
That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the week after
Before
This/these
Here
Pronouns
That/those
There
They change according to the context
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type
Form
Examples
Yes-No questions
Ask + if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
“Do you speak English?”
- He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions
Ask + question word + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
“What are you watching?”
- She asked what I am watching.
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:
Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.
Father warned me not to drive fast.
For example:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present continuous Past continuous
Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said
In time expressions and pronouns
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
Then
That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the week after
Before
This/these
Here
Pronouns
That/those
There
They change according to the context
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type
Form
Examples
Yes-No questions
Ask + if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
“Do you speak English?”
- He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions
Ask + question word + subject + verb
Wonder etc.
“What are you watching?”
- She asked what I am watching.
Rabu, 03 Juni 2009
Narrative Text
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.
Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution
- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life
Example : The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.
Modal In The Pastform
Modals
Present Past
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
1. Could + Verbbase
- To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example :
Doraemon : Oh no! left my short’s
Nobita : Don’t wori, Dora you could borrow my shorts
- To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now
Example :
Ruther : Ton, can you climb the aple trees
Tony : Well … I could climb apple tree when I was so young. But I thing I’m to heavy to climb it
- To Express polite requests
Example :
Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door
Could you pass the salt
2. Would + Verbbase
- For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example :
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend
- Insert rather into the pattern and use this expressions to express preferences
Example :
Angga : Ehich country would you rather visit?
Maria : I Would rather visit Tara than somelia
- To express polite requests
Example :
Budi : Would you mind cycling with me, Nada?
Nada : No, not at all. It would be nice
3. Should + Verbbase
- To give definite advice (advisability)
Example :
Derby : You should paint your door, Romeo. It looks terrible
Romeo : Yes, I know I should
4. Might + Verbbase
- To tell possibilities
Exmple :
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina
- To express polite requests
Example :
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Chris : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Danny for week sand I don’t know when he‘ll return it
Present Past
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
1. Could + Verbbase
- To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example :
Doraemon : Oh no! left my short’s
Nobita : Don’t wori, Dora you could borrow my shorts
- To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now
Example :
Ruther : Ton, can you climb the aple trees
Tony : Well … I could climb apple tree when I was so young. But I thing I’m to heavy to climb it
- To Express polite requests
Example :
Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door
Could you pass the salt
2. Would + Verbbase
- For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example :
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend
- Insert rather into the pattern and use this expressions to express preferences
Example :
Angga : Ehich country would you rather visit?
Maria : I Would rather visit Tara than somelia
- To express polite requests
Example :
Budi : Would you mind cycling with me, Nada?
Nada : No, not at all. It would be nice
3. Should + Verbbase
- To give definite advice (advisability)
Example :
Derby : You should paint your door, Romeo. It looks terrible
Romeo : Yes, I know I should
4. Might + Verbbase
- To tell possibilities
Exmple :
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina
- To express polite requests
Example :
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Chris : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Danny for week sand I don’t know when he‘ll return it
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